The Mummified Head of Saint Denis
310 C.E.
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An ancient human head with much of skin intact. The eyelashes may still be seen, along with facial and head hair. The sunken eyes are perhaps indicative of a modified mummification process.
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Considering its age, the Head is in remarkable condition, with expected tissue damage from handling and natural decay. The lower right canine tooth appears to be a substitute.
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Found in a sealed reliquary in the catacombs beneath Marseille (310 C.E.); relocated to the Basilica of St. Victor in Marseille during Viking raids (843); gifted to King Louis VIII of France (1221); acquired by the Duval family of Lyon (1893); purchased by art collector Philippe Moreau (1902); bequeathed to the Institut de France by Moreau's descendant (1985).
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The patron saint of Paris, Saint Denis was martyred in the 3rd century CE. According to legend, after decapitation he picked up his head and walked several miles, preaching a sermon the entire way. Saint Denis is among the most famous of the cephalophoric saints, including Saint Ginés de la Jara and Paul the Apostle. Nicolai Valens (1232-1283) in his hagiography claimed the head of St. Denis would open its eyes every Easter and silently mouth the Regina Caeli.
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The Mummified Head of Saint Denis